From: Subject: =?Windows-1252?Q?Clive_Sinclair's_1982_Practical_Comp=B5ting_interview?= Date: Tue, 9 Aug 2005 01:31:08 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C59C82.04860260"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.3790.181 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C59C82.04860260 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.worldofspectrum.org/CliveSinclairInterview1982/ Clive Sinclair's 1982 Practical Comp=B5ting = interview 3D"Practical

Interview from Practical Comp=B5ting magazine, Volume = 5 Issue 7,=20 July 1982, at the time of the launch of the ZX Spectrum; Copyright =A9 = 1982 IPC=20 Business Press; scanned and tidied by Simon N. Goodwin for World of = Sinclair=20 during April 2003.

Clive Sinclair

More people have heard of Clive = Sinclair=20 than of any other individual connected with computing. He talked to = Martin=20 Hayman about his past and present ventures and plans for the=20 future.

For many users of computers the systems giants do = not=20 exist, or at best are some shadowy presence at the edge of their vision. = For=20 them, Sinclair's name is synonymous with computers.

Asked to = define=20 briefly the nature of his success, his firm's pre-eminence in this=20 fastest-moving of all businesses, Clive Sinclair - "Uncle" to many of = those who=20 would not claim even a nodding acquaintance with the recluse of = Cambridge -=20 responds with the idea of "advanced design".

Yet is advanced = design an=20 assurance of success? Sinclair certainly holds to it almost as an item = of faith,=20 a personal creed. Without his advanced design he would be nothing; with = it he=20 can aspire to king. Did he fear, for example, that as the microcomputer = market=20 attracted the industry behemoths with their huge resources of capital = and=20 research, and their vast production facilities, that his flexible but=20 centralised outfit would be crushed by the onrush of capital seeking a=20 downmarket whitewash? No fears.

Creative = electronics
Sinclair's=20 belief in advanced design, and in particular in the ability of his own = people to=20 maintain the level of creative electronics design to keep him one or = more jumps=20 ahead of the would-be competition, is like a shield of righteousness: = almost as=20 if he had God on his side against the big battalions.

I suggested = that=20 this approach was almost the exact opposite to IBM's, yet sooner or = later he=20 would confront IBM in the personal-computer market-place. How would his = ideas on=20 elegance fare then? Did he know better than IBM? Did he, indeed, relish = the=20 fight?

"IBM is a fair competitor which has its views on the = market-place=20 as we have ours, and which of us succeeds in whichever market will be = the one=20 that does the better job. That is fair and straightforward. I do not = relish the=20 fight - nothing makes life more complicated than competitors but I do = not mind=20 it. I think IBM is at a tremendous disadvantage because of its size. It = makes it=20 harder for them to react swiftly but there is the tremendous advantage = of their=20 experience and technical base.

"But in any one-for-one = confrontation, as=20 the phrase goes. we would win. I think we are better. First of all, = where do=20 they have their great strengths? Let's say marketing. In order to give = ourselves=20 that sort of strength we have allied ourselves with Timex which with = 70,000=20 consumer outlets obviously has greater consumer strength than IBM in=20 America.

"Then if you take our machine - the Spectrum - apart and = theirs,=20 you will see that theirs is a very old technology. On the outside the = IBM=20 Personal Computer may look elegant but inside it is board after board = after=20 board of chips. The cost of making it must be astronomical. It has been = rushed=20 through because the microcomputing craze has caught them unawares". = Could it=20 really be the case that IBM had not foreseen the new wave, I asked? Was = its=20 design not rather a different, perhaps more conservatively specified=20 approach?

"Now open one up. It is unbelievable. They have a board = about=20 this big - the size of a Iarge coffee-table book - with God knows how = many chips=20 on it; it must be 100, and that is just to do colour. We do it on one = chip. It=20 is the best they can do in the time available to them. That is always = the case -=20 big companies do not make the innovative steps, it is just not the way = things=20 work.

New generation
"ln the same way the big motor-car = companies will not be the leaders in electric cars, just as the big = yacht=20 companies of the past were not the people that built the steamers, just = as the=20 great train people were not the people that made the cars, just as they = in turn=20 were not the people who built the planes. Every time there is a new = technology a=20 new generation of companies comes along".

And what about Sinclair = Research?

Could he not foresee a time when Sinclair itself would = be=20 established, would become conservative and would be tripped up by the = onrush of=20 yet another new technology? "Yes, it will. We have no ability to prevent = that;=20 it will happen eventually-it is unavoidable. But we might be able to = maintain=20 our position at the leading edge indefinitely if we continue with our = present=20 policy of not being a big manufacturer or bulk=20 distributor".

Commercial sense
To some very large = extent, Clive=20 Sinclair identifies with his own products. He brings you neatly up to = date and=20 then gives you a tantalising glimpse into the future: "Can't give any = precise=20 details but the worldwide patents are being filed". On the guided tour = he may=20 shaft a competitor or two, which is all good commercial sense and helps = to=20 popularise his own cause and sell his own products. So why exactly does = he make=20 computers?

"I make computers because they are a good market, and = they are=20 interesting to design. I don't feel bad about making them, or selling = them for=20 money or anything, there is a demand for them and they do no harm; but I = don't=20 think they are going to save the world".

Sinclair spends a great = deal of=20 his time simply thinking about the future, and the products which will = answer=20 the public's desires in three or more years time. One refreshing = characteristic=20 in a business where a little knowledge is often spread painfully thin, = is that=20 Sinclair is never afraid to say "I don't know anything about = it".

In=20 person, of course, he cuts the figure of everyone's favourite boffin: = the pale=20 skin, almost translucent yet with a rosy tinge; the high, domed forehead = with=20 its monkish rim of crisp, light-ginger hair: the pale, clear, steady = eyes behind=20 pebbly glasses. At the press conference to launch the Spectrum he spoke = as=20 Polonius prescribes; briefly, to the point and wittily, as the flashguns = exploded around him.

His facility in public speaking is gained = from=20 practice: he is often invited to lecture on the computer business. A=20 face-to-face conversation banishes any suspicions of self-conscious = boffinry.=20 His Chelsea apartment is cool, clear and uncluttered, and free of = electronic=20 machines except for a small Japanese cassette stereo. His suit and = shirt, like=20 everything else in sight, are expensive and understated. He speaks = clearly and=20 promptly and rarely evinces the flippancy to which others in his = position might=20 feel themselves entitled.

Two characteristics of Sinclair's = products=20 stand out when one looks at the history of Sinclair Radionics and = Sinclair=20 Research: their smallness and the original use to which chips have been = put,=20 sometimes working outside their intended purpose to create a new and = unforeseen=20 design concept. Sinclair says that smallness was never an end which was = pursued=20 for its own sake: it is a function of the need for elegant solutions to = existing=20 design problems. "I just like efficiency in design in whatever = form".

Did=20 he equate miniaturisation with elegance? "Not quite - in fact sometimes = not at=20 all. To miniaturise some things might be inelegant, but it is certainly=20 inelegant to make things larger than they functionally need to be, = assuming=20 there is not some other benefit in making it larger. Once or twice we = have made=20 things deliberately small, like the radio kit. That was just a gimmick, = to make=20 it an exciting thing for people to build so that they could say it was = the=20 tiniest radio in the world".

Yet many people - for example, those = with a=20 desire to use a computer in the home rather than a need to use one in a=20 professional environment - respond to smallness and may be prepared to = make some=20 corresponding sacrifices in outright performance. In an increasingly = cramped and=20 miniaturising age smallness is sexy, and for the manufacturer it can = make the=20 difference between sale and no sale.

Anyone who has ever used a = ZX-81=20 knows that the first line of the display keels over; it does so because = the=20 design of the four chips was pared to the bone. In the domestic market,=20 functionality can encompass a certain amount of cornercutting if there = is a=20 countervailing tradeoff in space utilisation, convenience and=20 price.

Smallish is beautiful
Cynics might observe that = in this=20 context elegance may be little more than a self-serving concept fitted = up to=20 justify under-specification. Yet in most important respects Sinclair's = current=20 machines do work; they are not small merely in order to make them cheap. = "If you=20 take the current computer - the Spectrum - that is compact", says = Sinclair. "If=20 you made it any larger it would simply be more expensive. There would be = no=20 contra-benefit, so elegant design has led to a very compact shape = compared with=20 its competitors, not because we wanted it to be tiny. On the contrary - = if we=20 had wanted to make it really tiny we could have made it, I suppose, the = size of=20 a cigarette packet.

"But that would not have been functional, = because the=20 keyboard would not be usable. The Spectrum sacrifices nothing to size. = The=20 keyboard is exactly the same spacing and pitch as an IBM, which is why = we went=20 for that size. If we went down to the size of a cigarette packet it = would not be=20 cheaper, it would be more expensive. That size is optimum".

The = keyboard=20 is one area of the Spectrum's design which Clive Sinclair took an active = part in=20 specifying. Sinclair drew up the original specification of the Spectrum = a mere=20 year before they started rolling off the lines; and then delegated most = of the=20 production design, with the exception of the keyboard's design and = specification=20 and some suggestions on how to reduce the number of chips. His initial = work was=20 done with an engineer and an industrial designer as a three-man=20 team.

What about reliability? Did the drive towards elegance ever = militate against professional standards of reliability? It has been = suggested=20 that Sinclair effectively uses his public as guinea-pigs; many are the = tales of=20 returns not dealt with for weeks on end. "It's true that in the early = days=20 commercial pressures and lack of design experience led to a lack of = reliability:=20 10 or 15 years ago we did not know how to design for reliability. Now we = know=20 very well - perhaps better than anyone. But it has been a long lesson to = learn".

"Computers do no harm but I don't think they are going to = save the=20 world"

What about all the ZX-81 returns? It is a = calumny=20 which Clive Sinclair rebuts heatedly: "That is absolutely not the case. = We have=20 records going back to the very first ZX-80s we produced. We have a lower = rate of=20 failure on our computers than anybody else in the world, and the reason = for that=20 is that we do everything to keep the quality right. The ZX-81 production = line is=20 a miracle of efficiency; after all, one is made every 10 seconds. They = go=20 through the most amazing quality control. Also we have a far lower = component=20 count than anyone else. We have only four chips where everyone else has=20 40".

Sinclair has plenty of experience in selecting chips. Many = of his=20 designs have displayed original and unconventional uses of components. = He is=20 self-educated in electronics and when he left school - the last of more = than a=20 dozen he attended - in 1958 decided not to go to university "because = most of=20 them offered only electronic engineering and I had no desire for such a=20 broadly-based course."

By his own account, it appears he could = have taken=20 up any of a variety of careers: his first love was, and remains, = mathematics: "I=20 was very good at maths, if I may say so modestly". He had a strong = interest in=20 English, as evinced by the fact that his first few jobs were as a = technical=20 writer. By the time he married his interests in electronics - into = which, he=20 says, he was "diverted" from maths and English were put to work in = running a=20 small electronics publishing concern. In 1962 he had already written 17=20 books.

Sinclair found the work comparatively undemanding and = started to=20 turn his theoretical knowledge into practical products. The first device = bearing=20 Sinclair's name was to have been a transistor radio kit. He had spotted = that=20 import controls were keeping Japanese products out and that there was a = slot=20 there for him.

Evidently he had a natural feel for what people = wanted,=20 even then. Financial backing, however, was a problem and after Sinclair = had left=20 his job to put all his efforts into the new venture, his promised = backing fell=20 through. Electronics was relegated to a spare-time activity while = Sinclair=20 supported himself with freelance writing.

"Mullard did not think there was a future in digital=20 watches"

One of his first significant commercial = ventures=20 was to buy and resell transistor components from Plessey, after grading = and=20 testing them. Thus was born Sinclair Radionics, which has a = comparatively=20 well-documented history of steady advancement through the 1960s. Its = innovatory=20 consumer electronic products included radio and amplifier kits, built = hi-fi=20 sets, and in 1972/3 the world's first pocket calculator.

During = this=20 period Sinclair's baseline knowledge of what integrated circuits could = do, and=20 the practical possibilities for the consumer of the latest chips, stood = him in=20 good stead and his products acquired a reputation for clever design and=20 compactness. His 1962 radio kit had featured the novel use of germanium = alloy=20 transistors. The class D pulse-width modulated amplifier of 1964/5 used = switched=20 pairs of output transistors which, it appeared, leaned rather too = heavily on the=20 theoretical possibility of zero rise-time.

It was the adoption of = the=20 hearing-aid battery in 1972, along with the adoption of a monolithic=20 seven-segment gallium arsenide display chip bought in from a Canadian = firm,=20 which permitted Sinclair to reduce so drastically the size of the = calculator,=20 which had previously been powered by the bulky dry-cell torch batteries. = Just as=20 the Bowmar display was used with the standard Texas Instruments = calculator chip=20 in an unusual way, so Sinclair pioneered the use of integrated injection = logic=20 chip in his 1975 Black Watch.

This was where Sinclair came = unstuck for=20 the first time. Until then he had stayed one jump ahead of the = opposition by=20 either releasing a comparable product to the opposition's at a lower = price, or=20 by vastly improving its features and holding the price. It is a familiar = pattern=20 to those who know only of the recent growth of Sinclair Research through = microcomputers.

Accounts of the Black Watch fiasco vary. The = official=20 version runs as follows: "Up to 1976 Sinclair Radionics had enjoyed 15 = years of=20 strong turnover and profit growth. However, the company sustained = moderate=20 losses due to difficulties with chip supplies for the Black Watch. As a = result=20 there were insufficient internal funds available for the final stages of = the=20 pocket TV project. Accordingly additional funds were = sought".

Sinclair=20 designed the Black Watch, which was the first to have all of its = components on=20 one chip. The design was passed out to Mullard for manufacture. who = rather late=20 in the day decided to back out. "They did not think there was a future = in=20 digital watches. They could have made them, but they did not want to. We = were=20 told it was a matter of corporate policy at Eindhoven - we could not get = any=20 more sense out of them than that. They never made us any chips", Clive = Sinclair=20 recalls.

Disastrous delay
The design was then passed on = to ITT,=20 losing Sinclair about 18 months. The delay proved disastrous for a firm = which=20 depended on being first into the market with a new product and had = already=20 primed the public for a =A330 watch where previously they had been = paying =A380. ITT=20 had terrible problems with yield and, says Sinclair, "did not really = keep us=20 informed about what was happening." There were also problems with the = production=20 of the watch. In a centrally heated office building with nylon carpets = and lots=20 of electrical apparatus the watch was damaged by static electricity=20 discharges.

It was a major setback for Sinclair and soured = relations with=20 ITT, who settled a lawsuit brought by Sinclair for =A350,00Q. = Ironically, on the=20 eve of the Black Watch's launch, ITT was to have given its executives a=20 Christmas gift of a Black Watch with the message "Best of British = technology -=20 ITT and Sinclair", or some such legend. When matters degenerated to the = point of=20 legal action, the gift was adjudged ill-conceived and was withheld. = Perhaps some=20 unfortunate ITT public relations executive still has a drawer full of = Black=20 Watches against the day when they have gained an antique=20 value.

Flat-screen TV
Unhappily, the Black Watch fell = at a time=20 when Sinclair had been investing heavily in his Microvision pocket TV. = It had=20 been under development for over 10 years, latterly aided by funds from = the=20 National Research and Development Council. Clive Sinclair had put a = great deal=20 of effort into the flat-screen TV and was loth to let it go by=20 default.

He was faced with the problem either of dropping the TV = and=20 reducing the size of the company or of seeking outside investment. He = went to=20 the National Enterprise Board, then headed by Lord Ryder, which put in=20 sufficient funds to launch the Microvision in January 1977 -after 12 = years and=20 =A3500,000 investment.

During the NEB era Sinclair had as = principal=20 products the Microvision, a range of very successful pocket calculators = and a=20 range of digital multi-meters from the instrument side of Sinclair = Radionics,=20 which had been steadily earning money throughout the early 1970s. Among = the=20 calculators was the Cambridge Programmable, whose price was claimed to = undercut=20 the opposition's by up to 75 per cent.

In late 1978 Sinclair = introduced=20 the Enterprise programmable calculator which, together with a program = library,=20 sold for around =A325. It was a sign of things to come, for Sinclair was = working=20 on Britain's first personal computer, the NewBrain.

But the rules = of the=20 game were changing. Lord Ryder, who had given strong personal backing to = Sinclair, left the NEB. The new NEB personnel decided that the future = for=20 Sinclair Radionics lay with the instrument side of the business, rather = than the=20 calculators and the TV, in the mistaken belief that Sinclair would not = be able=20 to compete effectively with the Japanese. The NEB took over the = instrument side=20 of the business while Sinclair himself severed his connection with = Sinclair=20 Radionics, consistent with his belief that consumer electronics were the = key to=20 a profitable future.

In July 1979 Sinclair Research emerged from = the=20 ashes, and in the following month the ZX-80 was conceived presumably = drawing on=20 the experience gained in developing the NewBrain. It is a measure of the = speed=20 and decisiveness with which, Sinclair moved from this point that the = NewBrain=20 has only just been launched after being shuffled off to Newbury and=20 Grundy.

Admittedly the NewBrain has been redesigned, but then so = has the=20 ZX-80, bringing it down from the 22 chips of the original design to four = in the=20 current ZX-81.

Sweatshop chips
As any ZX customiser = will tell=20 you, when you open up a ZX-81 you will find chips from all over - = Honduras, the=20 Philippines, El Salvador, the sweatshops of component manufacture = throughout the=20 world. It is to his experience of component selection that Sinclair = ascribes the=20 remarkable success and reliability of the ZX-81: "It is partly due to = the small=20 numbers of chips that we use, partly to selecting the right suppliers = for the=20 chips. We monitor exactly the failure rate of every part that goes into = our=20 machines. And since we know the failure rate, if we detect anything=20 statistically deviant, we can deal with it at once".

One of the = first=20 jobs which Sinclair singled out at the formation of the new company was = dealing=20 with component sources and reliability: one engineer's sole function is = to talk=20 to component suppliers and organisations which test and collect data on = chip=20 sets.

Given that the ZX-80 and 81 were well-designed and built, = what was=20 it that made them such a runaway success? Why was Sinclair so confident = of=20 success that he ordered 100,000 sets of parts for the ZX-80 - exactly = the number=20 that were finally produced and sold? "I think there has always been the=20 potential for people to want computers. It is just that we can now offer = them at=20 a price which makes it possible. We were always seeking to offer better = value=20 for money."

Sinclair has described the hobbyist, with whom he has = a great=20 deal of sympathy, as "a dead certainty" to buy the ZX-80. It is easy, of = course,=20 to be smart with hindsight, and one of the secrets of business when you = are as=20 personally visible as Clive Sinclair is to give your competitors the = idea that=20 you are infallible.

Few, however, would have predicted the other = market=20 which Sinclair pinpointed-the man in the street who, given a suitably = priced=20 product with an attractive and comprehensive self-learning manual, could = be=20 tempted into making a mail-order purchase. Sinclair's experience in = mail-order=20 selling paid off, and it is a tactic which has immeasurably strengthened = his=20 strategy in selling the ZXs, first at home then to France, West Germany, = Australia and even Japan, and now, through Timex, to the United=20 States.

The "man in the street" of course uses the ZX rather = differently=20 from the enthusiast. He is likely to treat it as a practice tool, to = familiarise=20 himself with Basic and to come to grips with the concepts and terms of=20 computing. The enthusiast may well have passed through this stage a long = time=20 since, but cannot yet afford anything more elaborate.

Sinclair is = amused=20 and gratified by the attention the ZX-81 has received from determined=20 customisers, who fit the machine up with keyboards, character = generators, colour=20 cards and so forth until their machine bears no resemblance to the = little black=20 wedge shipped out of Dundee. He has, of course, heard that it is now = possible to=20 purchase a hard-disc attachment: "Quite overgilding the lily", he = comments with=20 a hint of irony.

There is no doubt but that suppliers of Sinclair = peripherals and software are kept hard at work. Sinclair has = strengthened up the=20 software-marketing side of the business with a new range of approved = software=20 developed partly by ICL and partly by the specialist software house = Psion, and=20 sold through W H Smith. Clearly he is not yet ready to sit back and let = other=20 people cream off all the software revenue the ZX-81 = generates.

The 40 per=20 cent cut in the price of the 16K RAM pack might also embarrass sellers = of=20 unapproved add-on memories who feel they can carve themselves a small = niche by=20 playing Sinclair at his own game. The keener pricing also maintains the=20 separation between the ZX-81 and the new Spectrum.

The Spectrum = is not,=20 of course, intended as a replacement for the ZX-81. Sinclair reckons = that it=20 will be bought and used by laboratories, research establishments, small=20 businesses and retailers as well as by individuals. If reactions from = the=20 dealers are anything to go by - and they are, in the end, the people who = have to=20 sell personal computing merchandise - the competition has good reason to = take=20 fright.

Cut-throat competition
Sinclair's lavish = full-colour=20 advertisement features a point-by-point comparative breakdown of the=20 specifications of the competitive machines. It is bad news for them - so = much so=20 that it was reported from April's Computer Fair that dealers were = knocking out=20 the Commodore Vic-20 for less than =A3135, cut from about = =A3200.

What of the=20 home-grown competition from Acorn Computer - which against all the = apparent odds=20 made off with the BBC contract and about which Clive Sinclair has been = so=20 publicly vitriolic? One of the two chiefs at Acorn, just down the road = from=20 Sinclair in Cambridge, is Sinclair's own alumnus Chris Curry. Sinclair = bears him=20 no ill-will at all - they still meet socially on occasion - but what = sticks in=20 Sinclair's craw is the BBC's attempt to set a standard for = software.

"It=20 was nothing to do with Acorn-it was to do with the BBC. I was, and still = am,=20 disgusted at the way the BBC handled things. Acorn quite reasonably got = the=20 business and good luck to them. I am not complaining about that, I am=20 complaining about the BBC's behaviour. I think they are atrociously = amateurish.=20 They are marvellous at making programmes and so on, but by God they = should not=20 be making computers, any more than they should be making BBC cars or BBC = toothpaste.

"We are always seeking to offer better value for=20 money"

"They were able to get away with making = computers=20 because none of us had sufficient power or pull with the Government to = put over=20 just what a damaging action that was. They had the unmitigated gall to = think=20 that they could set a standard - the BBC language. It is just sheer = arrogance on=20 their part.

"I may not know everything there is to be known about = computing but really they know very little. It is terrifying: it would = not=20 matter quite so much if they were not such a respected authority = worldwide, so=20 it makes us have to struggle twice as hard. But we will win handsdown = because we=20 know so much better what is needed and know so much better how to do it = than the=20 BBC does that our system, our machine and our language will completely = win out=20 in any competitive battle.

He relishes the deals with giants like = Timex=20 and Mitsui which, like every other aspect of the company, he has a hand = in=20 drafting. He prides himself on the fact that the manufacturing licence = deals for=20 overseas terrains are costly. Technical leadership, of which he = considers=20 himself an exponent, can be quantified in hard cash.

For = Sinclair,=20 professionalism is merely the other side of the coin of advanced design: = "Professionalism is very important. We have very professional people and = we do=20 everything on time, to very tight schedules and with a great deal of = commitment.=20 We just are not amateur. There is no room for amateurs these days". Did = he=20 think, then, that there were many amateurs still in business? "Oh yes, I = am=20 afraid there are still many companies around in the world of personal=20 computers-it is inevitable in any new field - who are far more amateur = than they=20 need be".

Ready right away
Did he include in the = amateur=20 category the common practice of "kite flying" - announcing a product = with a=20 stupendous specification for delivery "next month"? "Yes there is far = too much=20 of that and it is very silly. It mucks up the market-place at the time = but it=20 rebounds on the company eventually. They are talking about products that = are=20 further and further away. If we announce a product now, it is because it = is=20 ready for production. With the Spectrum, we had the pilot run before the = launch=20 and those were the models at the launch. The following week it went into = production, just like that. It is fully tooled; there is nothing undone = on that=20 machine.

"But at the same time our competitors are announcing = machines=20 which will not even be ready until next year. They say, 'Oh yes, we have = a=20 competitive machine, but they have not even started the darn things. = That is=20 absurd. We are at the same stage as they are talking about with our = machine of=20 the next generation".

What was his prescription, then, for a = successful=20 personal computer manufacturer in future? "You have to have inhouse = technical=20 capability in every possible area. This is going to be vital in the = computer=20 industry-if you cannot make the peripherals, you are not going to be in = business=20 in the future. You have to do the printers, the teletext, the floppies, = the lot.=20 The Japanese are doing this".

What did he think of the = conventional=20 wisdom that the Japanese were strong on hardware but would not make it = in=20 software because Basic is so closely identified with the English = language? ''The=20 Japanese are coming up strongly on the software side, making ail their = machines=20 IBM-compatible. They can ride on the back of all the software generated = by the=20 IBM machine and they would succeed if they did not have to produce a = single item=20 of software themselves". Hence, presumably, Sinclair's pre-emptive = strike to=20 retain control of ZX and, presumably, Spectrum software by securing = worldwide=20 distribution rights to commissioned software of the best = quality.

Looking=20 to the future, the ZX-83, as Sinclair called it, would not be a = replacement for=20 the Spectrum which he saw as having a very long life. Yet he said the = same, less=20 than two years ago, of the ZX-81 which has rapidly fallen into the = bargain=20 basement; already recent purchasers of the ZX-81 are kicking themselves = for not=20 waiting a little longer.

3D"Quote

"The next step will be to make a machine of a suitably = higher price=20 which would have a built-in screen and dual floppies - Microdrives, that = is. It=20 is conventional in the sense that it contains what the Osborne or the = IBM=20 personal computer have, because that is what is needed". But definitely = not with=20 conventional 5.25in. floppies? "Oh no. Our Microdrive is miles ahead of = what=20 anyone else is doing. We have that working you know - it is not a = figment of our=20 imagination, it was working at the show. It is not fully tooled = yet.

"We=20 have three elements that people will want: our printer, the flat-screen = display,=20 which is critical - the world needs flat screens, that technology is=20 paramount-and the microfloppy, and you bring them all together. That = package=20 becomes a much handier package than, say, an IBM system.

How = portable is=20 portable? The Osborne, against which the ZX-83 will certainly tilt, is = portable=20 to about the degree as a suitcase full of bricks. "We are doing = something that=20 is maybe a couple of pounds in weight - say two to four to be on the = safe side".=20 This is a product which Sinclair says is due for late 1983=20 release.

Portable machines
But are people really going = to want=20 to trail around with computers under their arm? "Not necessarily. Sooner = or=20 later people will not need to carry computers around. If they need one = in the=20 office and one at home they will buy one for each place and just = transfer, say,=20 diary data. But lots of people do need portability- schoolchildren, for = example,=20 or if you want to use it on a plane".

What uses did he envisage = for the=20 microcomputer, now it has established itself as more than a hobbyist's = toy? What=20 will people do with ever-increasing power and cheaper memory'? "Expert = systems=20 are what excites me, I think". And for the home --what practical example = did he=20 have in mind'? "A computer database that has the similitude of the = knowledge of=20 a professional expert, that you can refer to in the same way that you = can refer=20 a problem to that expert. What I want to see us do, and other people do. = is have=20 experts that can be used by people in the home: a doctor, for example, = that the=20 family could turn to and say, 'I have these symptoms', and it would = respond as a=20 doctor by saying 'There's a lot of it about', or something of that=20 sort".

Could he suggest any other such areas of expertise? "Oh = yes,=20 education is the great one. We are a long way from it yet, but things = are=20 changing very rapidly and the day will dawn when computers will teach = better=20 than human beings, because they can be so patient and so individually = attuned".=20 A future Encyclopedia Brittanica, as it were? "No, it will replace not = the=20 Encyclopedia Brittanica but the school".

Surely=20 there was a threat here to normal personal communication'? Did he not = fear that=20 the computer might have a de-socialising effect on people? A recent = report in=20 New Scientist suggested, for example, that networking buffs became = withdrawn=20 from their everyday lives and preferred to communicate with their = onscreen pals.=20 "Yes, I am concerned with this. We have to watch very carefully that you = do not=20 remove the rituals of things like shopping or banking. Sometimes it is = possible=20 for something to disappear before people realise that it is what they = want to=20 keep".

Nevertheless, an RS-232 and networking interface for the = Spectrum=20 will be available later this year. "I think sending letters is a = particularly=20 elegant way of using small computers, without being a threat to any = existing=20 social activity". Further uses of the network capability would be to = link into=20 larger-scale fixed databases as well as sharing expensive peripherals = such as=20 letter-quality printers which would probably be in the form of an = optical disc.=20 Sinclair does not discount the possibility that the technology to write = to an=20 optical disc will eventually become available to the individual, but = though he=20 is keeping abreast of the latest developments, he says that Sinclair is = not=20 itself doing any work on laser-driven stores.

"That is what I like doing - solving=20 problems"

Pursuing the point about the computer = becoming a=20 substitute for real life. I asked Sinclair what implications he saw in = he=20 laser-driven store, linked to a battery of large flat-screen TVs. = Indeed, "the=20 high brightness of thin CRTs makes them deal for use in projection = systems",=20 says ~Sinclair's business briefing, which foresees "a three-tube = projection TV=20 with a 50in. diagonal full-colour display. The optics and electronics = could be=20 fitted into a shoe-box-sized unit projecting on to a wall-mounted=20 screen".

Under microcomputer control with real-time response to = user=20 inputs, such an outfit could become an altogether more powerful and = interesting=20 activity than normal experience. It would give the user the kind of = experience=20 which is now only to be had in some extremely expensive military and=20 flight-training simulators. In response,- Sinclair laughs: "'Fraid so". = I have=20 heard it said that, including professional use, two-thirds of computing = work=20 goes on games. I should think it would make life so jolly boring that = you would=20 not want to come back to it. If you could simulate it that = well.

Did he=20 feel that computers had any practical benefit in improving the human = lot? Had=20 they made life more complicated? He is said, after all, to prefer the = simple=20 life and laughs at the idea of using a computer himself: he does not = even use a=20 calculator, preferring a slide-rule or just working in his head. "I am = all for=20 the simple life, yes. But there are certain tools around that are useful = at=20 times. It simplifies buying an airline ticket, or getting cash at any = time of=20 day or night - these are simplifying things, no matter what sort of life = we=20 lead".

Even if one lives the life of the noble savage, tilling = the land,=20 where the only money we have is the cash in our pocket? "No. But I am = very glad=20 my life is not just tilling land. It would be very dull and = boring".

Does=20 he believe, then, that humans are becoming brainier? "No", he rejoins = with some=20 warmth. "Dimmer, if anything". He certainly believes that intelligence = is=20 innate, a matter of generic inheritance; the fact that computing is an=20 intellectually demanding skill does not mean that the brain's capacity = is=20 increasing. "I just do not believe we have become cleverer - whoever = designed=20 the axe or the wheel was just as clever as we are".

He finds no = evidence=20 that computers will help to make a better world - it can be clearly seen = that=20 the very best, most highly-specified and supported research and = development into=20 computing goes into producing defence and military = systems.

Sinclair has=20 been asked to do military work, and has turned it down. He was, he says, = "worried about its implications". This was a decision based on = principle, though=20 he does not rule out the possibility of doing so in a state of urgent = national=20 necessity, again reflecting the bedrock patriotism which underlies his = political=20 and business stance over the years. Sinclair believes, reassuringly, = that the=20 engineer should have a conscience, and a consciousness of the = consequences of=20 his inventions. He is an admirer, in his own field, of Newton and = Edison, of the=20 great railway and shipbuilding engineer Brunel, and as a boy his hero = was=20 Einstein.

Unlikely mentor
That master theoretician must = seem=20 like a curious ideal for Sinclair, who is identified above all with his = own=20 products. But Sinclair's own way of working is very spare, very = abstract. After=20 all, mathematics is his first love, and he says that what really = interests him=20 is "problem-solving". These are not the immediate problems of production = engineering, which is now able to delegate; they are the problems of = design,=20 pure and simple.

Sinclair has spent much of his time recently on = solving=20 the design of the flat-screen TV. "The most interesting job there was=20 mathematical", he says. "Most of the interesting jobs cannot be done on = a=20 computer. There was a curiosity of the flat tube's design which would = not come=20 out of the computer analysis, so I had to do it. That is what I like = doing -=20 solving problems" .

Astonishingly, Sinclair still manages to = pursue a=20 wide variety of leisure interests. He is an economics undergraduate at = King's=20 College, Cambridge, he is chairman of the British Mensa society, he = keeps up his=20 interest in mathematics and he still reads novels. Recently Sinclair = established=20 a partnership with an old friend, Patrick Browne of Brownes Bookshop in=20 Cambridge, setting up a publishing company with a planned list by the = end of=20 this year of 20 titles. As a common theme they will have "a progressive = approach=20 to the problems of contemporary society". He is also sponsoring a = =A35,000 fiction=20 prize to be awarded to the author of a "novel which is not only of great = literary merit but also of social and political = significance".

A good=20 read
What was intended by "a progressive approach to contemporary = society"? "Something that has a social content and is interesting to = read-like=20 Dickens. He had a social point and was a marvellous read. We thought = that the=20 Orwellian type of novel had not had much of a look-in recently". He will = play no=20 part in selecting the winner of the prize which bears his = name.

Perhaps=20 the most interesting of Sinclair's hobbies is music, a subject on which = he is=20 more passionate than any, thing else than perhaps the BBC and which is = reflected=20 in his trusteeship of the . Cambridge Symphony Orchestra. Music has long = been=20 thought to have an affinity with mathematics: the one is the most = abstract of=20 the art forms, the other the most abstract of sciences. He agrees that = composing=20 a piece of music would in some way be analogous to designing a circuit,=20 describing both processes as "an optimisation technique". Surprisingly, = his=20 tastes run to the romantic: he prefers Beethoven to Bach, Stravinsky to = Bartok,=20 and thinks it is a toss-up between Vivaldi and Albinoni. His favourite = is=20 Schubert, particularly the quintet in C.

Sinclair does not play = an=20 instrument, but says he will one day find the time to pick up the pieces = of his=20 piano playing g from school. He would find it most satisfying, he says, = to=20 practise the manual skills of fingering; while doing his scales, he = would be=20 able to think about other things. That sort of manual skill, he says, is = indispensable, a prerequisite to playing with feeling. "But it would = have to be=20 the piano", he says. "Nothing else would e interest me . . . and of = course you=20 can get away with being really bad. I would not aim to be brilliant, = just adept=20 enough to amuse myself."

Looking forward to a long Bank Holiday = weekend=20 Clive Sinclair observed, "Any excuse not to work". Somehow one suspects = he=20 cannot quite mean it.
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